The dupondius coin was a key component of the Roman coinage system that helped facilitate daily transactions throughout the empire. Distinguished by its brass alloy, which imbued it with a golden hue, the dupondius played a significant role in both economic and political spheres. It was part of a broader coinage system that included other denominations like the as, sestertius, and denarius, reinforcing its role in facilitating trade and commerce.
Background of the Dupondius
The dupondius was first issued during the Roman Republic as a large bronze cast coin. Initially, it weighed less than two Roman pounds (librae). It was later issued during the reign of Augustus around 23 BC from a brass alloy called orichalcum.
Composition of the Dupondius
Orichalcum was the brass alloy that gave the coin a yellowish color that was similar to gold. The use of orichalcum distinguished the dupondius from lower denominations made from reddish copper. However, some dupondii were made entirely from copper under Augustus, and some assēs were made from both orichalcum and copper under Nero. The radiate crown introduced by Nero in 66 AD further distinguished the dupondius from the as.
What was Orichalcum?
Orichalcum, or aurichalcum, was an alloy primarily composed of copper and zinc, although it also had small amounts of other metals like lead and tin. The Romans valued orichalcum for its durability, resistance to tarnishing, and aesthetic appeal.
Sourcing and Refinement
Orichalcum was sourced from various regions in the Roman Empire and refined by melting copper and zinc together, sometimes with small amounts of other metals, to produce the desired golden sheen. The Romans developed techniques to control the alloy’s composition and ensure consistency in their coinage.
Changes Due to Economic Pressures
Economic challenges, such as metal shortages and currency debasement, led to variations in the composition of orichalcum coins. Over time, the zinc content was reduced due to resource constraints, which diminished the alloy’s original golden appearance. Furthermore, during times of economic crisis, coinage reforms sometimes employed alternative materials or lower-quality alloys to stretch metal supplies.
Historical and Cultural Significance
The term “orichalcum” originates from Greek, meaning “mountain copper.” Ancient writers like Plato and Cicero mentioned orichalcum, highlighting its resemblance to gold. In numismatics, orichalcum was primarily used in coins such as the sestertius and dupondius. The metal had an association with mythological elements, particularly Atlantis, which contributed to its cultural mystique.
Context and Economic Role of the Dupondius
The dupondius was valued at two assēs, which was equivalent to 4/5 of a sestertius or 1/5 of a denarius during the Republic. During the reign of Augustus, it was valued at 1/8 of a denarius.
What Could a Dupondius Buy?
The dupondius was used for everyday transactions and could buy a loaf of bread or a sextarius (approximately 0.5 liters) of wine. It circulated widely in the Roman economy, appearing in both urban centers and provincial markets.
Designs of the Dupondius
Obverse
- Emperor’s Bust: The most common feature on the obverse was the bust of the reigning emperor. This portrait was often intricate for its time and included fine details around the emperor’s facial features, hairstyle, and attire.
- Radiate Crown: Nero introduced the radiate crown; a distinctive feature that helps differentiate the Dupondius from the as. The crown resembled the rays of the sun, symbolizing the emperor’s divine status.
Reverse
- Deities and Personifications: The reverse often featured images of Roman gods, goddesses, and the personifications of virtues or concepts. Some issues depicted Fortuna (goddess of fortune) holding a cornucopia and a rudder, symbolizing prosperity and guidance.
- Symbols and Allegories: The reverse often featured various symbols and allegorical figures, such as military standards, eagles, or representations of victory, peace, and other virtues.
- Scenes and Events: Some coins depicted significant events or scenes like military victories, public ceremonies, or important buildings. These designs serve as historical records of notable achievements and events during the emperor’s reign.
- Inscriptions: Included inscriptions with the emperor’s name and titles. These inscriptions provide valuable historical information about the ruler and their reign.
The Dupondius bridged the gap between small and large denominations of Roman Imperial coinage while reflecting shifts in political power and economic conditions. Its distinctive orichalcum composition, evolving designs, and widespread use make it an important subject for both historians and collectors.
